Pagsuko
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On December 26, Manila was officially declared an open city and MacArthur's proclamation was published in the newspapers and broadcast over the radio. Marshall, remained behind in Manila to close out the headquarters and to supervise the shipment of supplies and the evacuation of the remaining troops.
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A rear echelon, headed by the deputy chief of staff, Brigadier General Richard J. Sayre, their families, and his own headquarters to Corregidor on the 24th. MacArthur decided to abandon his own plan for defense and revert to WPO-3, evacuating President Manuel L. He requested and was given permission to withdraw behind the Agno River. Late on the afternoon of the 23rd, Wainwright telephoned General MacArthur's headquarters in Manila and informed him that any further defense of the Lingayen beaches was "impracticable".
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By the end of the day, the Japanese had secured most of their objectives and were in position to emerge onto the central plain. The defenders failed to hold the beaches. The main force of General Masaharu Homma's 14th Army came ashore at Lingayen Gulf on the morning of December 22. His recommendations were followed in the plan that was eventually approved. He recommended-among other things-a coastal defense strategy that would include the entire archipelago. General MacArthur assumed command of the Allied army in July 1941 and rejected WPO-3 as defeatist, preferring a more aggressive course of action. It was to be defended to the "last extremity". If the enemy prevailed, the Americans were to make every attempt to hold back the Japanese advance while withdrawing to the Bataan Peninsula, which was recognized as the key to the control of Manila Bay. Under WPO-3, the mission of the Philippine garrison was to hold the entrance to Manila Bay and deny its use to Japanese naval forces. However, the plan was tactically sound, and its provisions for defense were applicable under any local situation. When General Douglas MacArthur returned to active duty, the latest revision of plans for the defense of the Philippine Islands-called WPO-3-was politically unrealistic, assuming a conflict only involving the United States and Japan, not the combined Axis powers. General King discusses surrender terms with Japanese officers to end the Battle of Bataan Prelude After the war, the Japanese commander, General Masaharu Homma and two of his officers were tried in United States military commissions on charges of failing to prevent their subordinates from committing war crimes. The march was characterized by severe physical abuse and wanton killings. Differing sources also report widely differing prisoner of war casualties prior to reaching Camp O'Donnell: from 5,000 to 18,000 Filipino deaths and 500 to 650 American deaths during the march. The total distance marched from Mariveles to San Fernando and from the Capas Train Station to Camp O'Donnell is variously reported by differing sources as between 60 and 69.6 miles (96.6 and 112.0 km). The transfer began on April 9, 1942, after the three-month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines during the World War II. The Bataan Death March ( Filipino: Martsa ng Kamatayan sa Bataan Japanese: バターン死の行進, Hepburn: Batān Shi no Kōshin) was the forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese Army of 60,000–80,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war from Saysain Point, Bagac, Bataan and Mariveles to Camp O'Donnell, Capas, Tarlac, via San Fernando, Pampanga, where the prisoners were forced to march until they died. Estimates range from 5,500 to 18,650 POW deaths. Mariveles, Bataan and Bagac, Bataan to Capas, Tarlac, Luzon Island, PhilippinesĮxact figures are unknown.